SERMs are medicines that have a similar effect on bone as the hormone oestrogen. They help to maintain bone density and reduce the risk of fracture, particularly of the spine. Raloxifene is the only type of SERM available for treating osteoporosis. It's taken as a daily tablet. Read more about raloxifene for treating osteoporosis. Parathyroid hormone is produced naturally in the body. It regulates the amount of calcium in bone. Parathyroid hormone treatments such as teriparatide are used to stimulate cells that create new bone.
They're given by injection. While other medicines can only slow down the rate of bone thinning, parathyroid hormone can increase bone density. However, it's only used in a small number of people whose bone density is very low and when other treatments are not working. Read more about teriparatide for treating osteoporosis. Calcium is the main mineral found in bone, and having enough calcium as part of a healthy, balanced diet is important for maintaining healthy bones.
For most healthy adults, the recommended amount of calcium is milligrams mg of calcium a day, which most people should be able to get from a varied diet that contains good sources of calcium.
However, if you have osteoporosis, you may need more calcium, usually as supplements. Ask your GP for advice about taking calcium supplements. Vitamin D helps the body absorb calcium. All adults should have 10 micrograms of vitamin D a day. But since it's difficult to get enough vitamin D from food alone, everyone including pregnant and breastfeeding women should consider taking a daily supplement containing 10 micrograms of vitamin D during the autumn and winter.
For more information, read about who should take vitamin D supplements. They determined that each year,. The task force also identified other risk factors for jaw necrosis, including poor dental hygiene, wearing ill-fitting dentures, and undergoing oral surgery.
Certain conditions, including diabetes and inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, and some medications, particularly corticosteroids and drugs that inhibit blood vessel growth, also increase the risk. Atypical femoral fractures are rare—about three to 50 in , people taking bisphosphonates annually. Researchers are searching for factors that place some women at increased risk. In a review of the studies through , the International Task Force on Atypical Femoral Fractures determined that people who had such fractures had taken bisphosphonates an average of seven years.
Being of Asian descent and taking corticosteroids were also linked to a higher risk in some studies. If you have low bone density and are debating whether to take a bisphosphonate, you may consider the following:. Osteoporotic fractures can be debilitating. If you accumulate several vertebral fractures, you may lose height, develop a hump, and have less room for your abdominal organs. It will become more difficult to breathe, and you may develop digestive problems and incontinence.
A hip fracture can necessitate months of rehabilitation therapy and can render you unable to walk unassisted, even after the bone has mended. Hip fracture is also linked with an increased likelihood of being admitted to a nursing home and an elevated risk of premature death.
Medications can markedly reduce fracture risk. See "Effectiveness of common osteoporosis medications. Source: Adapted from Adler RA et al. Risk of jaw necrosis and atypical thigh fracture is lower when use of bisphosphonates is limited. For most women, bisphosphonate treatment ends after five years of oral therapy or after three annual intra-venous infusions of zolendronate.
However, the drugs' effects remain for several years after therapy is discontinued. Your risk of developing jaw necrosis is negligible if you are healthy. The American Dental Association has decided against recommending that dental patients discontinue bisphosphonate therapy before having an extraction or dental implant.
You can further reduce your risk through vigilant dental care. Brush twice a day, floss daily, and have regular dental cleanings. To further minimize risk, choose the least invasive dental procedures possible—a root canal instead of an extraction, or a bridge instead of an implant. Reducing the risk of falls is important. Be guided by your doctor, but general recommendations include:. There is no standard treatment for osteoporosis. Your treatment will depend on your specific needs.
Generally, your overall risk of fracture will help your doctor to decide on the best course of treatment for you. As well as diet and lifestyle changes, your doctor may recommend medication. The options may include:. It is important to note that all medications have potential side effects.
If you are prescribed medication for osteoporosis, discuss the benefits and risks of treatment with your doctor. If you have osteoporosis, it is never too late to seek treatment, as age is one of the main risk factors for osteoporosis and breaks.
Treatment can halt bone loss and significantly reduce the risk of fractures. It is important that your doctor excludes other medical conditions that can cause osteoporosis, including vitamin D deficiency.
This page has been produced in consultation with and approved by:. The abdominal muscles support the trunk, allow movement and hold organs in place by regulating internal abdominal pressure. Acromegaly is caused by an excess of growth hormone in adults, which causes the overgrowth of bones in the face, hands, feet and internal organs. Exercise can prevent age-related changes to muscles, bones and joints and can reverse these changes too. A person with amyloidosis produces aggregates of insoluble protein that cannot be eliminated from the body.
Ankle sprain is a common sports injuries caused by overstretching and tearing the supporting ligaments. Content on this website is provided for information purposes only. Information about a therapy, service, product or treatment does not in any way endorse or support such therapy, service, product or treatment and is not intended to replace advice from your doctor or other registered health professional.
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Skip to main content. Bones muscles and joints. Home Bones muscles and joints. Actions for this page Listen Print. Summary Read the full fact sheet. On this page. Osteoporosis and bone growth Symptoms of osteoporosis Diagnosis of osteoporosis Risk factors for osteoporosis Prevention of osteoporosis Management of osteoporosis Falls prevention and osteoporosis Treatment for osteoporosis Osteoporosis medication When to treat osteoporosis Where to get help.
Osteoporosis and bone growth Bone is formed by specialised cells. Symptoms of osteoporosis Osteoporosis causes no specific pain or symptoms. Diagnosis of osteoporosis Currently, the most reliable way to diagnose osteoporosis is to measure bone density with a dual-energy absorptiometry scan or DXA. You can qualify for a Medicare rebate for a DXA scan if you: have previously been diagnosed with osteoporosis have had one or more fractures due to osteoporosis are aged 70 years or over have a chronic condition, including rheumatoid arthritis, coeliac disease or liver disease have used corticosteroids for a long time.
Risk factors for osteoporosis There are many risk factors for osteoporosis, some of which you cannot change, such as being female, and having a direct relative who has had an osteoporotic fracture. Other risk factors include: inadequate amounts of dietary calcium low vitamin D levels cigarette smoking alcohol intake of more than two standard drinks per day caffeine intake of more than three cups of coffee or equivalent per day lack of physical activity early menopause before the age of 45 loss of menstrual period if it is associated with reduced production of oestrogen, which is vital for healthy bones the menstrual cycle can cease following excessive dieting and exercise long-term use of medication such as corticosteroids for rheumatoid arthritis, asthma and other conditions.
Some conditions place people at a higher risk of osteoporosis. Prevention of osteoporosis From a young age, both men and women can take steps to prevent osteoporosis by making sure that they: have a healthy and varied diet with plenty of fresh fruit, vegetables and whole grains eat calcium-rich foods absorb enough vitamin D avoid smoking limit alcohol consumption limit caffeine do regular weight-bearing and strength-training activities.
Calcium-rich diet and osteoporosis Enjoying a healthy, balanced diet with a variety of foods and an adequate intake of calcium is a vital step to building and maintaining strong, healthy bones. Vitamin D and osteoporosis Vitamin D and calcium promote bone density.
Vitamin D can also be found in small quantities in foods such as: fatty fish salmon, herring, mackerel liver eggs fortified foods such as low-fat milks and margarine. Exercise to prevent osteoporosis Weight-bearing exercise encourages bone density and improves balance so falls are reduced. General recommendations include: Choose weight-bearing activities such as brisk walking, jogging, tennis, netball or dance. While non-weight-bearing exercises, such as swimming and cycling, are excellent for other health benefits, they do not promote bone growth.
Include some high-impact exercise into your routine, such as jumping and rope skipping. Consult your health professional — high-impact exercise may not be suitable if you have joint problems, another medical condition or are unfit. Strength training or resistance training is also an important exercise for bone health.
It involves resistance being applied to a muscle to develop and maintain muscular strength, muscular endurance and muscle mass.
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