Caesar had already paid back his debt to Crassus, but still had some moral obligation to the man who had secured his profitable Spanish command. Pompey BCE was Rome's leading general. He had started his career in Sulla's army, had later suppressed a rising of followers of Marius in Hispania and had co-operated with Crassus in finishing off Spartacus' revolt. Later, he had defeated the pirates , and after 66 he was given Lucullus ' command against Mithridates of Pontus.
Pompey had defeated the king of Pontus decisively and had forced him to commit suicide; after this, Pompey had annexed Syria and invaded Palestine, where he had captured Jerusalem. His soldiers called him "Pompey the Great", and rightly so: he had doubled Rome's annual income and added vast territories to the empire.
In 62, Pompey had returned, and was at odds with the Senate because of its tardiness in ratifying his organization of the East text. The triumvirate gave something to all of its members. In the first place, the three men decided that no step should be taken in public affairs which did not suit any of the conspirators; together, they would run the republic.
The deal was sealed by intermarriage: Pompey married Caesar's daughter Julia which seems to have been a happy marriage ; Caesar married Calpurnia , whose father Piso was a close friend of Crassus. Consul Caesar saw to the swift ratification of Pompey's oriental acts. An agrarian law passed the Senate, distributing land among the urban poor and Pompey's soldiers. But will they invade your privacy? Go Further. Animals Wild Cities This wild African cat has adapted to life in a big city.
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Science Coronavirus Coverage U. Travel A road trip in Burgundy reveals far more than fine wine. Travel My Hometown In L. By late 48 B. The Egyptians, however, knew of Pompey's defeats and believed the gods favored Caesar: Pompey was assassinated as soon as he stepped ashore in Egypt. Caesar claimed to be outraged over Pompey's murder. After having Pompey's assassins put to death, he met with the Egyptian queen Cleopatra. Caesar and Cleopatra forged an alliance and a sexual relationship that ousted her brother and co-regent, Ptolemy XIII, and placed Cleopatra on the throne of Egypt.
A skilled political tactician, she and her son by Caesar, Caesarion, proved instrumental in international affairs for years, culminating in her liaison with Roman general Mark Antony. Upon his triumphant return to Rome, Caesar was hailed as the father of his country and made dictator for life. Caesar greatly transformed the empire, relieving debt and reforming the Senate by increasing its size and opening it up so that it better represented all Romans.
He altered the Roman calendar and reorganized the construction of local government. Caesar also resurrected two city-states, Carthage and Corinth, which had been destroyed by his predecessors. And he granted citizenship to a number of foreigners. A benevolent victor, Caesar even invited some of his defeated rivals to join him in the government.
At the same time, Caesar was also careful to solidify his power and rule. He stuffed the Senate with allies and required it to grant him honors and titles. He spoke first at assembly meetings, and Roman coins bore his face.
While Caesar's reforms greatly enhanced his standing with Rome's lower- and middle-class populations, his increasing power was met with envy, concern and angst in the Roman Senate. A number of politicians saw Caesar as an aspiring king.
And Romans had no desire for monarchical rule: Legend has it that it had been five centuries since they'd last allowed a king to rule them.
Caesar's inclusion of former Roman enemies in the government helped seal his downfall. Caesar was assassinated by political rivals on the Ides of March March 15th , 44 B.
It's not clear whether Caesar knew of the plot to kill him: By all accounts, he planned to leave Rome on March 18 for a military campaign in what is now modern-day Iraq, where he hoped to avenge the losses suffered by his former political ally Crassus.
Cassius and Brutus dubbed themselves "the liberators. Brutus' involvement in the killing packed the most complicated backstory. But after Caesar's victory over Pompey, Brutus was encouraged to join the government. His mother, Servilia, was also one of Caesar's lovers. After his death, Caesar quickly became a martyr in the new Roman Empire. A mob of lower- and middle-class Romans gathered at Caesar's funeral, with the angry crowd attacking the homes of Cassius and Brutus.
Just two years after his death, Caesar became the first Roman figure to be deified. The Senate also gave him the title "The Divine Julius. A power struggle ensued in Rome, leading to the end of the Roman Republic. Caesar's great-grandnephew Gaius Octavian played on the late ruler's popularity, assembling an army to fight back the military troops defending Cassius and Brutus. His victory over Caesar's assassins allowed Octavian, who assumed the name Augustus , to take power in 27 B.
In November , archaeologists announced the discovery of what they believed to be the first evidence of Caesar's invasion of Britain in 54 B. The excavation of a new road in Ebbsfleet, Kent, revealed a five-meter-wide defensive ditch and the remains of pottery and weapons.
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